many other major and minor temples, thus instigating the tradition of the sacred Dharma. Now. I must cause the Dharma to spread and flourish in the snowy land of Tibet by an incarnation of noble Manjushri. He shall incarnate as a strong king and gather everyone under his power.”

Contemplating in this way. he gazed with his wisdom eyes from the Five-Peaked Mountain in China and perceived that Tridey Tsugten was the present ruler of the country of Tibet. While King Tridey Tsugten and his consort. Lady Angchung of Mashang. were lying asleep on their throne made of costly materials, in the palace at Red Rock, noble Manjushri emanated from his heart center a five-colored ray of light, upon whose tip was a golden boy-child, the size of a finger. The child entered the womb of Lady Angchung of Mashang and was conceived. Simultaneously, she dreamed that rays of light, resembling a rising sun. appeared with a baby boy at the tip of the rays and entered her belly. After recounting the dream to her husband the king, he said, “A divine being from the skies has come to be our son. It is an extremely excellent dream.” The king was overjoyed.

Without any sense of discomfort. Lady Angchung then began to feel movements and throbbing. Her body became blissful and light and her mind clear, without disturbing emotions. After nine months, the incarnation was born in the palace at Red Rock, causing no pain at all to the mother.

The infant prince had many teeth and, at the top of his head, in his shiny black hair, there was a right-turning curl. The infant prince was beautiful, like a child of the gods. He was bom just as the sun arose in the sky, on the day of the Victorious constellation, in the first month of spring, in the Year of the Horse. The name of Trisong Deutsen was bestowed upon him.

While the first objection involves the sense of vision, the second involves touch. Suppose you are having the experiences we call holding a banana in your hand. This will involve your seeing a certain yellow color, smelling a certain odor, and feeling a certain smoothness and a certain shape. Consider just the shape that you are aware of through touch. That shape has two ends, but at any one time you can be aware of only one and not the other. How can that be? The only plausible answer is that at any one time you arc aware by touch of just one part of the banana shape. But of course to say this is to say that the shape has parts, and thus is not a dharma. So once again what is ostensibly a property-particular turns out not to be an ultimately real entity after all.

By now you should be able to work out on your own how the third and fourth objections go. The overall point of v. 15 is clear. While the property-particulars theory of the rupa dharmas seems to work in some eases, it cannot account for all our sensory experiences. There are some sensory experiences that seem to require the existence of things with size. And once wc accept these, wc fall back into the difficulties of infinite divisibility that beset the atomist. Is there any way around this problem? The Sautrantikas, we might recall, deny that shape is a dharma. The present difficulty might help us understand why. All of Vasubandhu’s objections to the property-particulars theory bring in shape in one way or another, so perhaps denying that shape is ultimately real might help the realist answer these objections. If for instance we can’t say that the two greens we see have the same shape, then there is no reason to expect that our experience of the first will be just like our experience of the second.

At the forefront of these discussions has been the importance of the image of the region, or extensive tracts within it, as a “desert.” This assessment was first introduced by members of the Lewis and Clark expedition during the hydrological drought that prevailed on their journey up the Missouri River and across the northern plains in 1805. The following year, Zebulon Pike provided a similar descrip­tion of the central plains during his ascent of the Arkansas Valley, al­though drought was not a factor in this case. In 1820, members of the Stephen H. Long expedition traveled up the Platte and South Platte Valleys to the Rocky Mountains and returned via the Arkansas and Cimarron Valleys. Despite the frequent and copious rains that kept the Long expedition from fording the North Platte River on their way to the South Platte, and bogged down Captain John Bell’s horses in the muddy floodplain of the Arkansas River, Major Long labeled the region the “Great Desert” on his map.

Edwin James, the chronicler of the Long expedition, also de­scribed the region as a “desert” and extended it into the northern plains on the basis of his familiarity with the journals of the Lewis and Clark expedition. From William Clark’s and Sergeant John Ordway’s descriptions of the northern plains as “Deserts of America” and the “Deserts of North America,” respectively, in 1805, and Major

Long’s description of the “Great Desert” emerged the amalgamated concept of the “Great American Desert” that for years thereafter was adopted and perpetuated in school textbooks and in the minds of many who subsequently crossed the plains. Ultimately, Major Long’s “Desert” was displaced by “Plains” with “Great” persisting to the present.

In writing The Plains of Aamjiwnaang I have nude every effort to capture Aamjiwnaang’s early history focusing on one particular family, the Plains. ‘ttiis family claims a long line of chiefs and so tiny art intrinsically a part of both the community and the Ahoishenahbck Nation’s history. We used (he word Ahnishenahbek to describe ourselves as a people. Other names we have been known by includc Ojibwa and Chippewa. Run>peans give these appellations to us in the early contact period. Ahnishenahbi is the masculine singular and Ahnishcnahbikwe tlie feminine singular of Ahnishenahbek. Today Ahnishenahbek is used in several different ways, to describe our nation or to dcscrilx: any member of tin- Three lircs Confederacy and sometimes in an even wider sense to describe am aboriginal people. In this publication I will use it to only describe our Nation or one of our member bands. Concerning grammar, spelling and capitalization I have not endeavoured to correct any errors made in any quotations I have used but left them intact.

The Plains of Aamjiwnaang

vast avenues you may sec assembling in hundreds the shy stag and the timid hind with the lx>unding roebuck, to pick up eagerly the apples ami plums with which the ground is paved. It is there Out the careful turkey lien calls back her numerous brood, and leads them to gather the grapes; it is there that their big cocks come to fill their broad and gluttonous crops. The goklcn pheasant, the quail, the partridge, the woodcock, the teeming turtle-dove, swarm in ihe woods and cover the open country, intersected and broken by gnncs of full-grown forest trees, which form a charming prospect, which of itself might sweeten the melancholy tedium of solitude. Tltcrc Un­hand of the piuicss mower has never shorn the |uicv gra*s on which bisons of enormous height and size fatten. The woods are of six kinds-walnut trees, white oaks, red, bastard ash. ivy, white trees and coctomvcxxi trees.

Can the knowledge be there before these elements that constitute its being have come? And, if knowledge be not there, how can objective reference occur?

The key to this difficulty lies in the distinction between knowing as verified and completed, and the same knowing as in transit and on its way. To recur to the Memorial Hall example lately used, it is only when our idea of the Hall has actually terminated in the pcrccpt that wc know ‘for ccrtain’ that from the beginning it was truly cognitive of that. Until established by the end of the process, its quality of knowing that, or in­deed of knowing anything, could still be doubted; and vet the knowing really was there, as the result now shows. Wc were virtual knowcrs of the Hall long before we were certified to have been its actual knowers, by the percept’s retroactive validating power. Just so wc arc ‘mortal’ all the time, by reason of the virtuality of the inevitable event which will make us so when it shall have come.

Now the immensely greater part of all our knowing never gets be­yond this virtual stage. It never is completed or nailed down. I speak not merely of our ideas of impcrccptiblcs like cthcr-wavcs or dissociated ‘ions,’ or of’ejects’ like the contents of our neighbors’ minds; I speak also of ideas which wc might verify ifwc would take the trouble, but which wc hold for true altho untcrminatcd pcrccptuallv, bccausc nothing says ‘no’ to us, and there is no contradicting truth in sight. To continue thinking unchallenged is, ninety-nine times out of a hundred, our practical substitute for knowing in the completed sense. As cach experience runs by cognitive transition into the next one, and we nowhere feel a collision with what wc elsewhere count as truth or fact, wc commit ourselves to the currcnt as if the port were sure.

SCORDO’TIS and SCORODO’NIA, (atro ru <rxo;$* tpv from its smell). See Salvia sylvestris.

SCORPIO j Lin. System Naturae, vol. ii. 1Q37- Modem naturalists, particularly La Treille, have ranged this animal with some of its congeneres, the thelyphonus, (confounded with the phalangia by Lin lueus, and with the tarantula by Fabncius); the cheli- fer and phyrius, (arranged also by Linnaeus as species of phalangium), under the family name of *c•urpw»tdcs9 7be characters of this group are, f< a wingless body;

head not distinct from Ae thorax; without antennae; jaws composed of two daws ; abdomen separated from the thorax, or confounded with it, but distinguished by the appearance of rings, with not less than eight feet, and palpse, in the form of arms, distinguished by a kind of hand.” The “characters of the scorpion are, ” palp®, or arms, terminated by an enlarged articulation, with closed claws, and the inferior lips of the two portions . short and simple.” There are from six to eight species, of which we shall only distinguish the European and the’ African scorpion.

It will possibly be censured as a great piece of vanity or inso­lence in me, to pretend to instruct this our knowing age; it amount­ing to little less, when I own, that I publish this Essay with hopes it may be useful to others. But if it may be permitted to speak free­ly of those, who with a feigned modesty condemn as useless, what they themselves write, methinks it savours much more of vanity or iusolence, to publish a book for any other end; and he fails very much of that respect he owes the public, who prints, and conse­quently expects men should read, that, wherein he intends not they should meet with any thing of use to themselves or others: and should nothing else be found allowable in this treatise, yet my design will not cease to be so; and the goodness of ray intention ought to be some excuse for the worthlessness of my present. It is that chiefly which secures me from the fear of censure, which I expect not to escape more than better writers.

Mechoac ana ni gra. Anameof’the jalap in common use. (See Jalapa ) The Brasilians call it jetccucu.

ME’CON, (from tuutjMf, bulk; from the largeness of its head). See Pa paver.

MECO NIS and MECO NIUM, (from   the

poppy)- See Peplion.

MECO’NIO, (Syr. e.), (from the same). See Pa- paver album.

MECONIUM, (from the same). Opium is the juice flowing from the poppy head through artificial in­cisions ; but meconium is the juice of the whole plant, first bruised, then pressed out. The excrement also con­tained in the intestines of a newly born infant, which has obtained its name from this resemblance to opium. See In fans.

MEDE NA. A species of ulcer. Paracelsus.

Mede’na ve’na; the same with mcdinensis vena. Castellus.

MED I A’N A VE’NA, (from mcdius, middle). A re­markable vein on the inside of the flexure of the cubit, between the cephalic and basilic veins, called by the Arabians funis brachii. It is frequently opened in bleeding.

Mkdja’na cepha’lica, (from the same). See Ckphalica mediana.

MEDIA’NUM, (from the same). See Medias­tinum.

MEDIA’NUS, (from the same). See Cervi-

cales.

MEDIASTI’NA, (from the same). See Inflam-

matio media st ini.

MEDIASTI’NiE ARTE’RIjE, (from the same). The arteries of the mediastinum arise from the sub­clavian, and are spread on the mediastinum.

Mediasti’nje ve’nve, (from the same). The right vein of the mediastinum comes out from the trunk of the superior vena cava anterior, a little above the azy- gos; the left from the subclavia.

MEDIASTI’NUM, (from-the same), medianum,\% the membrane called the pleura, which, after covering the internal surface of the chest, rises from the spine, and is reflected on each side to cover the lungs.

Washed and dried, the livers of turkeys (Spalanzani),   pearance of bubbles the pans are removed, and remain &c. Jacquin, in his Elements of Chemistry, tells us, at Test twelve or twenty-four hours longer, according to that the vegetables only act when cold, or in cold in- the season. This cream, styled scaltud or clotted, is fusions. When boiled in milk, or boiling decoctions generally agitated by the hand in making butter, and of the same plants are added, coagulation is retarded the churn isenly used when the raw cream is employed.LAC

The thickest and richest creams ire afforded by the sheep and goat; the milk of the mare, the as», and the female, afford the thinnest. From female milk scarcely any separation takes place, even with the assistance if heat. The fluid separated in making batter is ealted buUrrnnlk. It is the serum^ enriched with some of the oil of the cream.

7 he curd is a true albuminous substance, without smell or taste, nearly insoluble in waterr hardened ia hot water, soluble in acids* forming”, with the vitriolic and marine, brown solutions; with the nitrous a yellow. It is easily dissolved by alkahs, but most powerfully by the mineral; and, when this is pure, during the solu­tion, a volatile alkaline smell arises; a fact not suffi­ciently noticed, and which will admit of some applica­tion. In distillation, an insipid water comes over that easily putrefies; and the remainder,, on increasing the heat, blisters, like burnt horn, atfbrding hydrogenous and carbonic acid gas, ammonia, a Heavy fetid empyreu- matic oil. The coal contains lime and phosphat of lime. When exposed to a strong heat, iu an open fire, curd softens and melts; becomes transparent and tough; and, when cold, is hard and brittle.

The curd of goat and cow’s milk is solid and elastic ; that of the ass’s and mare s milk less solid > of the sheep merely glutinous; of the female geuerally fluid, and with difficulty separated. SeeCASKUS.